Integrated Writing: Lecture Refutation Practice Questions & Solutions

READING PASSAGE: Marine biologists have proposed deploying large-scale artificial iron fertilization in open-ocean regions to combat atmospheric carbon accumulation. Proponents advance three central justifications. First, introducing soluble iron stimulates massive blooms of phytoplankton, which photosynthetically absorb megatons of carbon dioxide before dying and sequestering that carbon permanently on the abyssal seafloor. Second, the proliferation of phytoplankton dramatically enlarges the bottom tier of the marine trophic pyramid, boosting commercial fish stocks and alleviating global seafood shortages. Third, computational climate models project that ocean fertilization is substantially more cost-effective than terrestrial reforestation or direct air carbon capture facilities, requiring only modest merchant vessel fleets to disperse iron sulfate.

LECTURE AUDIO TRANSCRIPT: Professor: The proposals for open-ocean iron fertilization in the reading sound appealing on paper, but empirical oceanic trials reveal that none of these three claims hold up under scrutiny. First, consider carbon sequestration. While iron spikes do trigger immediate phytoplankton blooms, subsequent deep-sea sediment traps proved that less than two percent of that biomass ever reaches the deep ocean bed. Instead, tiny marine organisms and bacteria consume the dead plankton near the surface, rapidly respiring and releasing the captured CO2 right back into the atmosphere. Second, iron fertilization does not foster healthy fishery ecosystems. Instead, it overwhelmingly favors harmful toxic dinoflagellate species—such as Pseudo-nitzschia—which produce lethal neurotoxins like domoic acid. Rather than nourishing commercial fish, these toxic red tides cause mass fish kills and poison marine mammals. And third, the economic viability calculation is deeply flawed. When massive plankton die-offs decay near the surface, they create hypoxic dead zones devoid of dissolved oxygen. Remedying the ecological collapse of vital coastal fisheries and coastal water quality would cost billions of dollars, completely wiping out any theoretical savings over direct air capture.